The Waste Management

the waste management

The term usually relates to all kinds of waste, whether generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, or other human activities,^[1] including municipal (residential, institutional, commercial), agricultural, and special (health care, household hazardous wastes, sewage sludge).^[2] Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or aesthetics.

history in waste management

Main article: History of waste management

Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant due to low population density and low societal levels of the exploitation of natural resources. Common waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste, and these were released back into the ground locally, with minimum environmental impact. Tools made out of wood or metal were generally reused or passed down through the generations.

However, some civilizations do seem to have been more profligate in their waste output than others. In particular, the Maya of Central America had a fixed monthly ritual, in which the people of the village would gather together and burn their rubbish in large dumps.^[4]

solutions

Disposal of waste in a landfill involvesquarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly designed or poorly managed landfills and open dumps can create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of liquidleachate. Another common product of landfills is gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced fromanaerobic breakdown of organic waste. This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation and is a greenhouse gas.

burying the waste and this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in abandoned or unused

recycling

Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, a procedure called kerbside collection. In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into various different bins (e.g. for paper, plastics, metals) prior to its collection. In other communities, all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection, and the sorting is handled later at a central facility. The latter method is known as "single-stream recycling."^[11][12]

The most common consumer products recycled include aluminium such as beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel from food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboardcartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated fiberboard boxes.

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